Blade 3 node no longer boots after eMMC fsck

After having some trouble with the eMMC on my nodes, I was instructed to run an fsck on one of them during boot. Something must have gone wrong because it no longer boots! See this bunch of error messages I received on its serial console:

[    1.230497] OF: fdt: Reserved memory: failed to reserve memory for node 'drm-logo@0': base 0x0000000000000000, size 0 MiB
[    1.230516] OF: fdt: Reserved memory: failed to reserve memory for node 'drm-cubic-lut@0': base 0x0000000000000000, size 0 MiB
[    2.657428] fiq_debugger fiq_debugger.0: error -ENXIO: IRQ fiq not found
[    2.657445] fiq_debugger fiq_debugger.0: error -ENXIO: IRQ wakeup not found
[    2.657455] fiq_debugger_probe: could not install nmi irq handler
[    2.732421] dw-pcie fe180000.pcie: invalid resource
[    2.732439] dw-pcie fe180000.pcie: Failed to initialize host
[    2.732541] dw-pcie fe170000.pcie: invalid resource
[    2.732550] dw-pcie fe170000.pcie: Failed to initialize host
[    2.798862] rk806 spi2.0: no sleep-setting state
[    2.798883] rk806 spi2.0: no reset-setting pinctrl state
[    2.798893] rk806 spi2.0: no dvs-setting pinctrl state
[    2.906630] arm-scmi firmware:scmi: Failed. SCMI protocol 17 not active.
[    2.907001] dwmmc_rockchip fe2c0000.mmc: could not set regulator OCR (-22)
[    2.907024] dwmmc_rockchip fe2c0000.mmc: failed to enable vmmc regulator
[    2.923114] debugfs: File 'Capture' in directory 'dapm' already present!
[    2.949075] mpp-iep2 fdbb0000.iep: allocate roi buffer failed
[    2.949750] mpp_rkvdec2 fdc38100.rkvdec-core: shared_niu_a is not found!
[    2.949759] rkvdec2_init:1197: No niu aclk reset resource define
[    2.949765] mpp_rkvdec2 fdc38100.rkvdec-core: shared_niu_h is not found!
[    2.949769] rkvdec2_init:1200: No niu hclk reset resource define
[    2.950301] mpp_rkvdec2 fdc48100.rkvdec-core: shared_niu_a is not found!
[    2.950309] rkvdec2_init:1197: No niu aclk reset resource define
[    2.950316] mpp_rkvdec2 fdc48100.rkvdec-core: shared_niu_h is not found!
[    2.950321] rkvdec2_init:1200: No niu hclk reset resource define
[    2.950840] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbd0000.rkvenc-core: rockchip_init_read_margin: no regulator (venc) found: -19
[    2.951067] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbd0000.rkvenc-core: error -ENODEV: _opp_set_regulators: no regulator (venc) found
[    2.951084] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbd0000.rkvenc-core: failed to set opp config
[    2.951089] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbd0000.rkvenc-core: failed to init opp info
[    2.951093] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbd0000.rkvenc-core: failed to init_opp_table
[    2.951098] rkvenc_init:2147: failed to add venc devfreq
[    2.951407] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbe0000.rkvenc-core: rockchip_init_read_margin: no regulator (venc) found: -19
[    2.951612] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbe0000.rkvenc-core: error -ENODEV: _opp_set_regulators: no regulator (venc) found
[    2.951627] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbe0000.rkvenc-core: failed to set opp config
[    2.951632] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbe0000.rkvenc-core: failed to init opp info
[    2.951637] mpp_rkvenc2 fdbe0000.rkvenc-core: failed to init_opp_table
[    2.951641] rkvenc_init:2147: failed to add venc devfreq
[    2.958721] rockchip-vop2 fdd90000.vop: error -ENODEV: _opp_set_regulators: no regulator (vop) found
[    2.958742] rockchip-vop2 fdd90000.vop: failed to set opp config
[    2.958747] rockchip-vop2 fdd90000.vop: failed to init opp info
[    2.963881] debugfs: Directory 'fb000000.gpu-mali' with parent 'vdd_gpu_s0' already present!
[    2.995980] rockchip-dmc dmc: failed to get vop bandwidth to dmc rate
[    2.996002] rockchip-dmc dmc: failed to get vop pn to msch rl
[    2.996865] debugfs: File 'Capture' in directory 'dapm' already present!
[    3.001697] RKNPU fdab0000.npu: can't request region for resource [mem 0xfdab0000-0xfdabffff]
[    3.001741] RKNPU fdab0000.npu: can't request region for resource [mem 0xfdac0000-0xfdacffff]
[    3.001757] RKNPU fdab0000.npu: can't request region for resource [mem 0xfdad0000-0xfdadffff]
[    3.004935] debugfs: Directory 'fdab0000.npu-rknpu' with parent 'vdd_npu_s0' already present!
[    4.888149] rk_hdmirx fdee0000.hdmirx-controller: hdmirx_cancel_cpu_limit_freq freq qos nod add
[    5.620214] rk-pcie fe180000.pcie: PCIe Link Fail, LTSSM is 0x3, hw_retries=0
[    9.510207] rk-pcie fe180000.pcie: PCIe Link Fail, LTSSM is 0x3, hw_retries=1
[   10.530261] rk-pcie fe180000.pcie: failed to initialize host

After the last message line, the machine stops. Rebooting doesn’t help. Neither does removing the M.2 SSD. What’s wrong here?

Above these messages, I’ve found another bunch of strange system outputs:

Net:   No ethernet found.
Hit key to stop autoboot('CTRL+C'):  0 
MMC: no card present
mmc_init: -123, time 0

Device 0: unknown device
switch to partitions #0, OK
mmc0(part 0) is current device
** Unrecognized filesystem type **
fs_devread read outside partition 2
Failed to mount ext2 filesystem...
** Unrecognized filesystem type **
Scanning mmc 0:3...
Found /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf
Retrieving file: /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf